区域能源效率测算及影响分析——基于三阶段DEA方法

文章运用三阶段DEA方法,测算了2010~2017年间全国30个省、市能源效率,并将剔除环境要素和随机扰动影响的效率值与传统DEA分析结果进行比较。结果显示,剔除环境要素和随机扰动之前,我国绝大多数省规模效率高于纯技术效率,导致规模效率被高估,存在投入不足的情况;通过三阶段DEA结果,中国地区间规模报酬都处于递增趋势,说明企业规模大小是影响能源利用的规模不经济性的重要因素;各地区之间效率程度和作用方向不同,经济发达地区与经济欠发达地区的能源效率水平相差较大,存在明显的经济不平衡现象。因此,应加强地区之间管理与技术交流合作,推进技术进步,提高能源利用效率。     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于正交试验方法的化学需氧量测定影响因素分析

参照《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(HJ 828—2017)标准,设计出三水平四因素正交试验方案,考察水样体积、消解温度、消解时间和硫酸银-硫酸溶液加入量对化学需氧量(COD;)测量值的影响。研究表明:测定COD_(Cr)质量浓度>50 mg/L的样品时,影响COD;测定值的主次因素排序为:水样体积、硫酸银-硫酸溶液加入量、消解时间和消解温度;COD_(Cr)测定的最优试验条件为:水样体积5 m L、消解温度200℃、消解时间90 min、硫酸银-硫酸溶液加入量10 m L。与《HJ 828—2017》标准中的监测条件相比,该方法分析时间更短、加入的硫酸银-硫酸溶液体积更少,在应急监测中具有更高的参考价值。     

地铁运营事故分析及其对策研究

在对近年来国内外地铁发生的事故分析的基础上 ,笔者对影响地铁安全运营的人、车辆、轨道、供电、信号以及社会灾害等主要原因进行了探讨 ;针对这些原因提出了一些事故发生前的预防对策以及事故发生后的处理措施 ;突出强调了“以人为本”的大安全观 ,提出“人 -车 -轨道 -安全管理”的安全运营系统及应急救援体系相结合的对策。这些对策和实施的实现将会减少地铁事故的发生和降低事故造成的人员伤亡及财产损失。     

浅谈溶解氧在线监测仪器影响因素及维护方法

电极法溶解氧监测仪,具有在线自动监测的优点,在水质自动监测中得到了广泛的应用。电极法测定的影响因素主要有温度、大气压、含盐量和样品流速等。本文从溶解氧测定原理以及仪器本身原因入手,对影响因素进行分析总结,并且提出了日常维护方法。     

影响湿法脱硫石膏脱水效率的因素研究

脱硫石膏脱水是湿法脱硫工艺的重要环节之一,文章介绍了影响脱硫石膏脱水效率的各影响因素。并结合资料给出了部分因素的最佳控制参数或条件。     

Catalytic reductive dechlorination of p–chlorophenol in water using Ni/Fe nanoscale particles

Nanoscale bimetallic Ni/Fe particles were synthesized from the reaction of sodium borohydride （NaBH4） with reduction of Ni^2＋ and Fe^2＋ in aqueous solution. The obtained Ni/Fe particles were characterized by TEM （transmission electron microscope）, XRD （X-ray diffractometer）, and N2-BET. The dechlorination activity of the Ni/Fe was investigated using p-chlorophenol （p-CP） as a probe agent. Results demonstrated that the nanoscale Ni/Fe could effectively dechlorinate p-CP at relatively low metal to solution ratio of 0.4 g/L （Ni 5 wt%）. The target with initial concentration ofp-CP 0.625 mmol/L was dechlorinted completely in 60 rain under ambient temperature and pressure. Factors affecting dechlorination efficiency, including reaction temperature, pH, Ni loading percentage over Fe, and metal to solution ratio, were investigated. The possible mechanism of dechlorination ofp-CP was proposed and discussed. The pseudo-first- order reaction took place on the surface of the Ni/Fe bimetallic particles, and the activation energy of the dechlorination reaction was determined to be 21.2 kJ/mol at the temperature rang of 287-313 K.     

Photodegradation of methylmercury in Jialing River of Chongqing,China

Photodegradation (PD) of methylmercury (MMHg) is a key process of mercury (Hg) cycling in water systems, maintaining MMHg at a low level in water systems. However, we possess little knowledge of this important process in the Jialing River of Chongqing, China. In situ incubation experiments were thus performed to measure temporal patterns and influencing factors of MMHg PD in this river. The results showed that MMHg underwent a net demethylation process under solar radiation in the water column, which predominantly occurred in surface waters. For surface water, the highest PD rate constants were observed in spring (12 × 10^− 3 ± 1.5 × 10^− 3 m²/E), followed by summer (9.0 × 10^− 3 ± 1.2 × 10^− 3 m²/E), autumn (1.4 × 10^− 3 ± 0.12 × 10^− 3 m²/E), and winter (0.78 × 10^− 3 ± 0.11 × 10^− 3 m²/E). UV-A radiation (320–400 nm), UV-B radiation (280–320 nm), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) accounted for 43%–64%, 14%–31%, and 16%–45% of MMHg PD, respectively. PD rate constants varied substantially with the treatments that filtered the river water and amended it with chemicals (i.e., Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, dissolved organic matter (DOM), Fe(III)), which reveals that suspended particulate matter and water components are important factors in affecting the PD process. For the entire water column, the PD rate constant determined for each wavelength range decreased rapidly with water depth. UV-A, UV-B, and PAR contributed 27%–46%, 6.2%–12%, and 42%–65% to the PD process, respectively. PD flux was estimated to be 4.7 μg/(m²·year) in the study site. Our results are very important to understand the cycling characteristics of MMHg in the Jialing River of Chongqing, China.     

苏州地区城镇化过程中水环境变化及影响因子分析

随着近20年来经济的飞速发展和小城镇建设,苏州地区已成为我国城镇化程度较高的地区之一。但经济增长的同时也对水环境带来了巨大压力,在分析对苏州地区水环境变化的基础上,对人口因素、地区产业结构、行业结构及其城乡生活方式对水环境的影响进行了探讨。     

基于ANFIS改进的大气腐蚀环境缺失数据填补方法

目的针对大气腐蚀中重要环境数据缺失的复杂问题,提出一种相关因素(Relevance Factors)和自适应神经模糊推理系统(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System)结合的方法(RF-ANFIS)对缺失数据进行填补。方法首先采用相关因素方法计算缺失数据和多项环境因素间的相关程度,筛选出相关系数较大的因子,然后应用ANFIS构建缺失数据与所选环境因子的关系模型。最后以二氧化硫数据为具体对象,采用北京2015年的气象数据对所建立的模型进行检验。结果经过改进的RF-ANFIS模型在最优情况下样本均方误差为0.696,在14个测试样本中有13个相对误差在20%以内,针对有限样本的数据分析中更为适用。结论该方法有效提高了大气腐蚀环境数据缺失的填补精度,对在数据缺失情况下预测大气腐蚀速率具有重要意义。